What does smear analysis look like for cytological examination from the cervix

What can a cytology test show? It characterizes the morphological structure of cell elements in the preparation, making it possible to determine the onset, development or absence of malignant processes.

When deciphering the cytology analysis, a conclusion is made about the features of changes in cell nuclei and cytoplasm, nuclear-cytoplasmic relationships, formations and neoplasms of cell structures and their complexes are analyzed. This is the main difference between cytology and histology. Recent studies examine tissue sections.

Receiving material

Cervical cancer most often develops in the transformation zone, it is preceded by background processes and intraepithelial lesions (epithelial dysplasia), which can be located in small areas, so it is important that material is obtained from the entire surface of the cervix, especially from the junction of squamous and columnar epithelium . The number of altered cells in a smear varies, and if there are few of them, then the likelihood increases that pathological changes may be missed when viewing the specimen. For effective cytological examination it is necessary to consider:

• During preventive examinations, cytological smears should be taken from women, regardless of complaints, the presence or absence of changes in the mucous membrane. Cytological examination should be repeated at least once every three years;
• it is advisable to obtain smears no earlier than on the 5th day of the menstrual cycle and no later than 5 days before the expected start of menstruation;
• you cannot take material within 48 hours after sexual intercourse, use of lubricants, vinegar or Lugol’s solution, tampons or spermicides, douching, insertion of medications, suppositories, creams into the vagina, including creams for performing ultrasound examinations;
• pregnancy is not the best time for screening, as incorrect results are possible, but if you are not sure that the woman will come for examination after childbirth, it is better to take smears;
• for symptoms of acute infection, it is advisable to obtain smears for the purpose of examining and identifying pathological changes in the epithelium, the etiological agent; Cytological control is also necessary after treatment, but not earlier than 2 months. after completing the course.

Material from the cervix should be taken by a gynecologist or (during screening, preventive examination) by a well-trained nurse (midwife).

It is important that the smear contains material from the transformation zone, since about 90% of tumors come from the junction of the squamous and columnar epithelium and the transformation zone, and only 10% from the columnar epithelium of the cervical canal.

For diagnostic purposes, material is obtained separately from the ectocervix (vaginal portion of the cervix) and endocervix (cervical canal) using a spatula and a special brush (such as Cytobrush). When conducting a preventive examination, Cervex-Brush, various modifications of the Eyre spatula and other devices are used to obtain material simultaneously from the vaginal part of the cervix, the junction (transformation) zone and the cervical canal.

Before obtaining the material, the cervix is ​​exposed in “mirrors”; no additional manipulations are performed (the cervix is ​​not lubricated, mucus is not removed; if there is a lot of mucus, it is carefully removed with a cotton swab without pressing on the cervix). A brush (Eyre spatula) is inserted into the external os of the cervix, carefully guiding the central part of the device along the axis of the cervical canal. Next, its tip is rotated 360° (clockwise), thereby obtaining a sufficient number of cells from the ectocervix and from the transformation zone. The instrument is inserted very carefully, trying not to damage the cervix. Then the brush (spatula) is removed from the canal.

Flora smear during pregnancy

A smear for flora during pregnancy is done three times throughout the entire period. First time upon registration. The gynecologist should take a subsequent smear at 30 weeks, and the last one is separated from the mucous membrane at 37-38 weeks, right before birth.

Diagnostics is a mandatory measure when the expectant mother has a predisposition to pathologies:

• Diseases of an infectious nature that are transmitted through sexual contact;
• Frequent miscarriages and frozen pregnancies;
• Possibility of polyhydramnios;
• Possible intrauterine infection of the child;
• Weakness in the isthmus and cervix, which can cause miscarriage.

Sometimes a process of infection of the fetus in the womb may occur, which subsequently provokes illness in the child or infection when passing through the birth canal. For this reason, many doctors recommend undergoing a full examination and treatment of diseases before becoming pregnant.

Preparation of drugs

Transfer of the sample to a glass slide (traditional smear) should occur quickly, without drying out or losing mucus and cells adhering to the instrument. Be sure to transfer the material to the glass on both sides with a spatula or brush.

If it is intended to prepare a thin-layer preparation using the liquid-based cytology method, the brush head is disconnected from the handle and placed in a container with a stabilizing solution.

Fixation of strokes

performed depending on the intended staining method.

Papanicolaou and hematoxylin-eosin staining are the most informative in assessing changes in the cervical epithelium; any modification of the Romanovsky method is somewhat inferior to these methods, however, with experience, it allows one to correctly assess the nature of the pathological processes in the epithelium and the microflora.

The cellular composition of smears is represented by desquamated cells located on the surface of the epithelial layer. When adequate material is obtained from the surface of the mucous membrane of the cervix and from the cervical canal, the cells of the vaginal portion of the cervix (stratified squamous non-keratinizing epithelium), the junction or transformation zone (cylindrical and, in the presence of squamous metaplasia, metaplastic epithelium) and cells of the cervical canal enter the smear. columnar epithelium). Conventionally, cells of multilayered squamous non-keratinizing epithelium are usually divided into four types: superficial, intermediate, parabasal, basal. The better the epithelium’s ability to mature, the more mature cells appear in the smear. With atrophic changes, less mature cells are located on the surface of the epithelial layer.

What is the difference between cytology and histology?

Histology is the science that studies body tissue.
Histological analysis is related to cytological analysis. Using it, you can find out the exact structure of various tissues. For histological examination, tissues, rather than cells, are taken (although in some cases a smear or print is sufficient). The doctor gives recommendations for the analysis individually. In order to get the result, specialists take up to 10 days, but in rare cases they conduct a rapid analysis within 24 hours. The research takes place in several stages:

1. The fabric fragment undergoes special treatment to prevent rotting and is also dehydrated to compact it.
2. A solid block is prepared to obtain a cut using paraffin or other embedding substance.
3. The resulting block is cut into thin slices with a microtome.
4. The resulting particles are stained to identify various tissue structures (DNA, cytoplasm, etc.)
5. The sections are covered with a second layer of glass and examined by histologists or pathomorphologists.

Histology determines gynecological oncological diseases and their symptoms.
Analysis can be taken from the following organs: uterus, cervix, ovaries. Thus, we can conclude that timely contact with a specialist will detect diseases in the early stages and prevent their further development.

Interpretation of cytological examination results

The most common at present is the Bethesda classification (The Bethesda System), developed in the USA in 1988, to which several changes have been made. The classification was created to more effectively transfer information from the laboratory to clinical doctors and ensure standardization of treatment of diagnosed disorders, as well as follow-up of patients.

The Bethesda classification distinguishes squamous intraepithelial lesions of low grade and high grade (LSIL and HSIL) and invasive cancer. Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions include changes associated with human papillomavirus infection and mild dysplasia (CIN I), high-grade - moderate dysplasia (CIN II), severe dysplasia (CIN III) and intraepithelial carcinoma (cr in situ). This classification also contains indications of specific infectious agents that cause sexually transmitted diseases.

To designate cellular changes that are difficult to differentiate between reactive states and dysplasia, the term ASCUS - atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (squamous epithelial cells with atypia of unclear significance) has been proposed. For a clinician, this term is not very informative, but it directs the doctor to the fact that this patient needs examination and/or dynamic monitoring. The Bethesda classification has now also introduced the term NILM – no intraepithelial lesion or malignancy, which combines normal, benign changes, and reactive changes.

Since these classifications are used in the practice of a cytologist, below are parallels between the Bethesda classification and the classification common in Russia (Table 22). Cytological standardized report on material from the cervix (form No. 446/u), approved by order of the Ministry of Health of Russia dated April 24, 2003 No. 174.

The reasons for receiving defective material are different, so the cytologist lists the types of cells found in the smears and, if possible, indicates the reason why the material was considered defective.
Cytological changes in the glandular epithelium

* whenever possible, ASCUS should be defined as similar to reactive, reparative or precancerous processes;

** changes associated with exposure to human papillomavirus, previously designated as koilocytosis, koilocytic atypia, condylomatous atypia, are included in the category of mild changes in squamous epithelial cells;

*** If possible, it should be noted whether the changes relate to CIN II, CIN III, whether there are signs of cr in situ;

****hormonal assessment (carried out only on vaginal smears): – the hormonal type of smear corresponds to age and clinical data; – the hormonal type of smear does not correspond to age and clinical data: (decipher); – hormonal assessment is impossible due to: (specify the reason).

How to decipher the analysis?

Based on the conclusion given by the laboratory, it is quite difficult for an uninitiated person to determine what a cytology smear shows. The record consists of numbers, Latin letters, each of which has its own meaning.

• The letters of the Latin alphabet U, C, V indicate 3 areas of smear collection.
• The norm of leukocytes is determined at the rate of 15 units.
• The presence of viral, bacterial and fungal infections.
• The nature of changes in epithelial cells.
• Degree of purity. If it is indicated by the numbers 1,2, the woman is healthy. With a purity of 3.4, there is suspicion of disease.
• The normal number of squamous epithelial cells is 10 units. If this amount is exceeded, we can talk about a benign tumor.
• The volume of mucus secreted.
• If atypical cells are present, a separate recording is made.

It takes 1 to 5 days to determine the results of the analysis. The basis for deciphering a smear for cytology is always the established norm.

Integration of various laboratory methods

In the diagnosis of cervical diseases, clinical data and microflora test results (classical microbiological (culture), ANC methods (PCR, RT-PCR, Hybrid Capture, NASBA, etc.) are important).

If it is necessary to clarify the pathological process (ASC-US, ASC-H), cytological examination is, if possible, supplemented with molecular biological ones (p16, oncogenes, methylated DNA, etc.).

HPV detection tests have low prognostic significance, especially in young women (under 30 years of age), due to the fact that in most patients in this age group, HPV infection is transient. However, despite the low specificity of the test for intraepithelial tumors and cancer, it can be used as a screening test in women under 30 years of age, followed by cytological examination. Sensitivity and specificity increase significantly with the combined use of the cytological method and research to detect HPV, especially in patients with questionable cytological data. This test is important in the management of patients with ASC-US, during follow-up to determine the risk of relapse or progression of the disease (CIN II, CIN III, carcinoma in situ, invasive cancer).

At what period of the cycle is tissue sampling carried out?

In general (not incidentally when solving gynecological problems), it is customary to perform a biopsy (puncture) immediately before the onset of menstruation. This choice is justified by minimizing blood loss.

For reference. Interfering with the body’s functioning at other times can lead to malfunctions and unnecessary bleeding.

In any case, the gynecologist will make a decision on collecting material for histological examination based on the current examination.