Symptoms of sexual diseases in women: signs, starting with the latent form

Sexual diseases in women are serious pathologies, extremely dangerous with serious consequences in the absence of timely treatment. They are provoked by various microorganisms: viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi. These are not only sexually transmitted diseases (gonorrhea, syphilis, etc.), but also infections of the genitourinary organs (chlamydia, candidiasis, etc.).

A feature of sexual diseases is the absence of clearly defined symptoms, which is why they are often called hidden. A woman may not even suspect that she is infected for a long time. Symptoms are determined by factors such as the type of infection, the degree of damage to the genitourinary system and the body as a whole. Therefore, the manifestation of symptoms of sexual diseases is very diverse.

Syphilis

The content of the article

Typically, syphilis in women appears 2-4 weeks after infection, sometimes this period is reduced to 9 days or extended to 6 months. Clinical manifestations are divided into 3 stages: primary, secondary and tertiary.

The disease begins with the formation of a syphilitic ulcer - a flat, compacted papule - at the site of penetration of the pathogen:

• on the mucous membrane of the vagina, labia;
• on the nipples of the mammary glands;
• on the oral mucosa;
• in the corners of the lips;
• on the skin of the face.

The formation is painless, so many women do not even suspect its appearance when it is located inside the vagina and hidden from view. For this reason, syphilis is often diagnosed only in the secondary period. Over time, the papule turns from a small formation measuring 1-3 mm into a round or oval red ulcer with a diameter of up to 2 cm.

It has a dense structure and is moist to the touch. In the center the ulcer is dirty yellow in color, which resembles a purulent mass.

Symptoms of primary syphilis:

• enlarged lymph nodes near the sites of syphilitic ulcers (pelvic, submandibular or axillary). This occurs 5-7 days after the formation of hard chancre. They are painless, mobile, and can reach the size of a walnut;
• general malaise of the body: increased body temperature, fever, pain in bones and joints, weakness;
• copious thick discharge with a pus-like consistency and an unpleasant odor, sometimes causing itching and burning;
• menstrual irregularity, characterized by unpleasant sensations during bleeding.

Only 3-4 weeks after the formation of syphilitic ulcers, the RW blood test shows a positive result.

Endometriosis

Endometriosis

- this is a pathology of the internal organs of a woman, expressed by the growth of tissue on them, similar to the endometrium - the tissue lining the uterus from the inside

Endometriosis is very common in the population. In terms of frequency of occurrence among gynecological pathologies, it is surpassed only by inflammatory diseases and uterine fibroids.

The vast majority of detected cases of endometriosis occur during the reproductive period. It is also diagnosed in approximately 10% of girls during the formation of menstrual function and in 2-5% of cases in women during menopause

Causes

Despite the fact that scientists from many countries are trying to establish the true causes of endometriosis, at present they have not been definitively established.

Scientists have put forward several theories for the development of this disease, but none of them fully explains its origin.

Main symptoms

The course of endometriosis can be varied. The onset is usually asymptomatic. That is why its presence can be detected in time only with regular medical examinations by a gynecologist. However, there are reliable symptoms indicating the presence of endometriosis

• Pelvic pain: Accompanies endometriosis in 16-24% of patients. The pain can be clearly localized or diffuse throughout the pelvis, occur or intensify immediately before menstruation, or be present constantly

• Algodysmenorrhea (painful menstruation): Observed in 40-60% of patients. It manifests itself to its maximum in the first three days of menstruation. With endometriosis, dysmenorrhea is often associated with bleeding into the cyst cavity and an increase in pressure in it, with irritation of the peritoneum by hemorrhages from foci of endometriosis, spasm of the uterine vessels;

• Dyspareunia (painful sexual intercourse). Discomfort and pain during sexual intercourse are especially pronounced when foci of endometriosis are localized in the vagina, the wall of the rectovaginal septum, in the area of ​​the uterosacral ligaments, and the utero-rectal space.

• Severe pain: when defecating or urinating;

• Menorrhagia (heavy and prolonged menstruation). It is observed in 2-16% of patients with endometriosis. Often accompanies adenomyosis and concomitant diseases: uterine fibroids, polycystic ovary syndrome, etc.

• The development of posthemorrhagic anemia: occurs due to significant chronic blood loss during menstruation. Characterized by increasing weakness, pallor or yellowness of the skin and mucous membranes, drowsiness, fatigue, dizziness;

Possible complications

• Infertility;
• Ovarian cyst;
• Neurological disorders - weakness, tearfulness, irritability;

Symptoms of secondary syphilis

The development of the secondary stage begins 2 months after the formation of compacted papules. The following symptoms may be observed:

• general malaise: headache, tinnitus, dizziness, poor appetite, high body temperature (up to 380C), pain in bones and joints, insomnia, nausea, vomiting, confusion. Speech disturbances and epileptic seizures may occur;
• dysfunction of internal organs (in 25% of cases): damage to the myocardium, liver, stomach, kidneys, membranes and blood vessels of the brain;
• loss of hair, eyelashes and eyebrows. Hair growth resumes after 1-2 months;
• the appearance of condylomas on the genitals and in the anal area;
• the occurrence of rashes on the skin, including the palms and soles of the feet, and mucous membranes.

The following types of rash are distinguished:

• syphilitic roseola - pink or pale pink flat spots from 0.5 to 1 cm in diameter. Localization – trunk and limbs;
• lenticular syphilide - copper-red round formations with a dense structure, rising above the skin;
• meliary syphilide - small dense formations with a diameter of up to 2-2.5 mm. They are brown in color and localized on the skin of the body. As a rule, such papules accumulate and form rings, arcs or plaques;
• coin-shaped syphilide - large red or brown formations with a diameter of up to 2.5 cm, slightly raised above the skin;
• weeping syphilide - eroded formations. They are moist, round in shape, and cause moderate itching. Localization – groin area and axillary folds;
• Condylomas lata are soft, pale pink formations that rise above the skin and are similar in appearance to papillomas. Localization – perineum and area around the mouth;
• pustular syphilide - small purulent formations with a yellowish crust at the end. Localization - on the skin of the trunk, limbs and face.

Usually after 3-5 weeks the rashes suddenly disappear, leaving no trace, even if no treatment was carried out. This period is called secondary latent syphilis. This stage lasts up to 5 years. During this time, relapses of the disease are observed, the rash appears again, but later also disappears on its own.

The course of the first wave of rashes is pronounced: multiple skin lesions, formations of a bright shade. Subsequently, darker elements are observed, often accumulating in groups.

Principles of treatment of sexually transmitted infections in women

Infections of the genital organs in women are quite common, and therefore many patients are interested in how to treat these unpleasant diseases.

The first thing to remember is that self-medication will have to be completely abandoned. Self-medication can only cause harm. It is impossible to accurately determine the pathogen and select medications that would act specifically on it without special diagnostics. The doctor, having carried out all the necessary research and accurately established the diagnosis, can recommend the following medications:

• antibiotics of various groups, which are recommended to be prescribed if a woman is confirmed to have a bacterial infection, such as chlamydia or gonorrhea;

• antiviral agents that will help in the fight against viral infections, for example, HPV or herpes (it will not be possible to completely get rid of viruses, but it will be possible to put pathologies into remission);
• antifungal agents that will help cope with candidiasis and other diseases of fungal origin;
• antiseptic drugs, which are recommended for treating the genitals to prevent the development of secondary infections and speed up the healing process;
• immunomodulators, whose task is to increase immunity, which will help in the fight against infection, etc.

The choice of drugs always depends on many factors. The characteristics of the infection, the patient’s personal data, the presence or absence of intolerance to any medications, etc. are taken into account.

Symptoms of tertiary syphilis

This type of disease is diagnosed extremely rarely. It develops 4-5 years after infection and is characterized by damage to the skin, mucous membranes, bones and internal organs. Over time it leads to death.

The symptoms are as follows:

• the appearance of brown or red-brown plaques on the skin. They have an uneven outline, rise above the skin, and are covered with ulcers and crusts. Localization – arms, back, face;
• formation in the subcutaneous tissue of an isolated gumma - a hard node the size of a walnut and an ulcer in the center. It usually occurs on the scalp, chest, face, and sometimes on the mucous membranes of the mouth, larynx and nose. In the latter case, tissue destruction and deformation of the palate occurs. Against this background, a number of complications develop:
• the nasal septum is destroyed and the nose is deformed;
• hoarseness and hoarseness appear;
• tongue mobility is impaired.
• damage to the nervous, vascular and skeletal systems, which manifests itself in the form of syphilitic meningitis, hydrocephalus, progressive paralysis;
• deformation and dysfunction of internal organs (liver, kidneys, lungs, heart).

Types of gynecological pathologies

Gynecological diseases are disturbances in the development and functioning of a woman’s external and internal genital organs, manifested by hormonal imbalances, endocrine system failures, and infections.

Among the pathologies of gynecological origin are:

• Inflammatory diseases are the most common type of pathology that affects both external and internal organs of the female reproductive system. They can occur under the influence of mechanical and chemical factors, as a result of weakened immunity. But the most common cause is infection.
• Hormonal pathologies are changes in the balance of hormonal substances in the body that ensure the proper functioning of a woman’s reproductive system as a result of natural age-related changes, surgery, infections, weakened immunity, and improper use of hormonal contraceptives.
• Dystrophic diseases are anomalies in the development of organs and tissues of the reproductive system, caused by changes in the functioning of the immune and endocrine systems, inflammatory processes, and heredity.

The first signs of the disease

The first classic manifestation of gonorrhea is discharge. As a rule, they have a thick consistency, yellow or white color, an unpleasant odor, and cause itching. Against this background, women often mistake the disease for thrush or nonspecific colpitis, self-medicate and, thereby, erase the clinical picture.

Pain in the lower abdomen and when urinating may occur, and the urge to urinate may become more frequent. This is also often mistakenly blamed on cystitis or hypothermia.

Gonorrheal cervicitis

When the infection is localized in the vagina, the following symptoms are observed:

• yellowish-white discharge with an unpleasant odor;
• itching, burning and tickling sensation in the perineum and vagina;
• pain during intercourse.

In pregnant women, symptoms are more pronounced.

Inflammation of the appendages and uterus

When infection penetrates higher, the appendages and endometrium are affected. In this case it is observed:

• nagging or sharp cutting pain in the lower abdomen;
• purulent discharge mixed with blood;
• increase in body temperature to 38-390C;
• the appearance of signs of intoxication - weakness, malaise, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite;
• pain during intercourse.

Urethritis, cystitis, pyelonephritis

When the urethra is infected, the symptoms are as follows:

• frequent urge to urinate;
• cutting pain and burning during urination;
• swelling and redness of the external opening of the urethra, its palpation is painful, purulent discharge from it is possible;
• the appearance of a false urge to urinate.
• Ascending infection affects the bladder and kidneys.

Gonorrheal proctitis

Gonorrheal inflammation of the rectum causes:

• itching and burning in the anal area;
• mucopurulent discharge;
• painful bowel movements;
• false urge to defecate;
• bloody streaks in stool and discharge;
• purulent plaque on the rectal mucosa;
• redness of the anus;
• filling the folds of the anus with pus.

Gonorrheal pharyngitis

Usually hidden under the guise of an ordinary sore throat with characteristic symptoms:

• sore throat (rarely intense);
• pain when swallowing;
• enlargement of the submandibular lymph nodes;
• increased body temperature;
• swelling and redness of the tonsils and palatine arches, the appearance of a yellowish-gray coating on them.

However, most often gonorrheal pharyngitis is asymptomatic or manifests itself only as a sore throat and hoarseness.

Gonorrheal stomatitis

It is characterized by the following symptoms:

• inflammation of the gums with the formation of purulent ulcers;
• enlargement of the submandibular lymph nodes.

Gonorrheal conjunctivitis

Infection of the mucous membrane of the eyes causes vivid symptoms:

• swelling of the eyelids, which are literally glued together with purulent discharge;
• redness of the mucous membrane of the eyes;
• in advanced cases - clouding of the cornea and blurred vision.

Chronic gonorrhea

2 months after infection, gonorrhea takes on a chronic form, the clinical picture of which is almost erased. Asymptomatic periods of the disease are replaced by relapses with mild symptoms.

The trigger for an exacerbation can be hypothermia, the onset of menstruation, or termination of pregnancy. Symptoms include discharge and pain in the lumbar region, sometimes spasms can radiate to the legs or abdomen.

Chronic inflammation of the vaginal mucosa due to gonorrhea leads to menstrual irregularities. Bleeding is observed between menstruation, and the cycle itself becomes long and with heavy bleeding. As the disease progresses, adhesions develop in the pelvis.

A distinctive symptom of gonorrhea at this stage is the “morning drop” syndrome: when waking up, a woman may find a cloudy purulent drop at the opening of the urethra.

If left untreated, chronic gonorrhea can lead to infertility.

Trichomoniasis

The incubation period of the disease is 4-14 days, the first signs appear approximately 5 days after infection. Symptoms of trichomoniasis depend on the site of infection (vagina, urethra, and cervix).

Symptoms of “primary” trichomoniasis:

• copious discharge of leucorrhoea from the vagina. They are usually yellowish or greenish in color (may turn gray-green with blood streaks), foaming, and having an unpleasant odor. When combined with gardnerellosis (bacterial vaginosis), a “fishy” odor appears;
• the vaginal mucosa is covered with purulent discharge;
• vaginal discharge upon contact with the skin causes ulcers, irritations and abrasions to appear on it;
• discomfort and pain during sexual intercourse;
• burning and severe itching in the vagina, swelling and redness;
• intermenstrual bleeding from the vagina;
• when the urethra is affected by an infection, frequent urination, burning and cutting pain are observed;
• increase in body temperature to 37.50C;
• general deterioration of health, sleep disturbance;
• rarely – pain in the lower abdomen.

How can a woman become infected with sexually transmitted infections?

Many women are concerned about the ways of contracting sexually transmitted infections in women. As doctors note, there are three most common options in clinical practice.

• Sexual tract

Sexual intercourse always means sexual contact. Moreover, as venereologists say, the likelihood that a sexually transmitted infection will occur in women is slightly higher during unprotected sex than in men. This is tied to the structural features of the genital tract.

First of all, the short urethra plays a role. Through it, it is easier for pathogenic microorganisms to reach organs where they can successfully continue to reproduce. In both men and women, not only classic vaginal sex plays a role in the spread of the disease. Oral and anal sex is also dangerous. And, importantly, lesbian sex, if basic safety rules are not followed, can also lead to infection.

• Vertical path

This spread option occurs when a woman with a sexually transmitted infection gives birth to a child. Moreover, as doctors note, infection mainly occurs during childbirth.

Cases of transplacental transmission of infection are rather rare than a widespread method of infection. In boys, such infection mainly affects the eyes and oropharynx, as well as the lungs. But in girls, the reproductive tract is most often affected.

• Contact and household path

The most rarely implemented option for the spread of sexually transmitted infections is through household contact. It is implemented if a woman or child does not follow the rules of hygiene, sharing a towel, underwear or other personal hygiene items with an infected person. Of course, most STI pathogens do not survive in the environment. However, in some cases, infection through contact is still possible. Any of the routes of spread can play an important role in a woman’s life, leading to infection. But knowing the ways in which STDs spread allows you to take steps to reduce the likelihood of encountering the disease.

Chlamydia

Chlamydia is an insidious disease, since in 6% of cases it is asymptomatic, which does not mean safety. The incubation period is 2-4 weeks, after which symptoms may appear:

• itching and burning on the genital mucosa;
• white or yellowish mucopurulent discharge with a sharp, unpleasant odor;
• increase in body temperature to 37-37.50C;
• minor or intense pain in the lower abdomen, in the lumbar and groin areas, intensifying before menstruation, with sudden movements and physical activity;
• when the mucous membrane of the urethral canal is infected: frequent urination, pain, itching and burning during urination, cloudy urine;
• discomfort and pain during sexual intercourse;
• slight bleeding during or after sexual intercourse;
• erosion of the cervix, small ulcerations on it and spotting;
• in advanced cases - a violation of the endocrine function of the ovaries and the ovarian-menstrual cycle, as a result of which menstruation becomes irregular, painful, rare, abundant or, conversely, scanty.

Often, with a long asymptomatic course, the only sign of the disease is infertility.

Surgery

Women's diseases in gynecology that are not amenable to conservative treatment, are actively progressing and pose a further serious threat to the health and life of the patient, require surgical treatment methods.

Indications for surgery

Indications:

• formation of malignant tumors;
• external bleeding in the presence of tumors;
• endometriosis;
• fibroids;
• suppuration in infectious lesions;
• ruptures of abscesses;
• the presence of large cysts that deform organs and cause inconvenience;
• twisting of the cyst stalk and cyst rupture;
• prolapse or loss of genital organs;
• abnormal development of the genital organs;
• urinary incontinence;
• presence of indications for termination of pregnancy;
• plastic defects of the genital organs.

Contraindications

Contraindications:

• presence of diseases of the cardiovascular system;
• liver and kidney diseases;
• the presence of inflammatory processes on the vaginal mucosa;
• concomitant acute infectious diseases (ARVI, influenza);
• severe infectious diseases;
• post-infarction state;
• blood clotting disorder;
• recently undergone operations.

Types of gynecological operations

Preparing for the intervention

Preparation includes the following steps:

• Examination by a gynecologist.
• Laboratory tests: general, biochemical, for infections, determination of group and Rh factor, smear for flora.
• If pathogenic microorganisms are detected, the disease is first treated, then tested again.
• Chest X-ray and ECG.
• Passing an ultrasound.
• Examination by a therapist, neurologist, ophthalmologist.
• Compliance with the diet for at least 3 days before surgery (exclude spicy, fatty foods, meat, carbonated drinks and alcohol).
• Before the day of the operation, dinner is excluded, and on the day of the operation, the intake of any food and water is excluded. A cleansing enema is given.
• Hygienic procedures and shaving of the groin area.
• Prescribing sedatives and sleeping pills the night before surgery.

Rehabilitation

The body's recovery processes after minor gynecological operations proceed much faster and can take from several hours to several days. The rehabilitation period after major operations lasts significantly longer, and the patient remains in the hospital under observation for some time.

Postoperative measures are aimed at preventing and eliminating possible complications, and normalizing all systems of the woman’s body:

• Taking painkillers and strengthening medications.
• Observe the patient’s general condition and apply an ice pack.
• Minor physical activity (walking, light gymnastics).
• Following a strict diet until bowel function is restored, drinking plenty of fluids.
• Carrying out prescribed physiotherapeutic procedures.
• Constant monitoring of the external and internal condition of the seams. Seam processing.
• Restriction of sexual activity for a period determined by the doctor.

Actinomycosis

This disease is quite rare. At the initial stage, the symptoms of actinomycosis are mild and often resemble an inflammatory process.

Observed:

• increase in body temperature up to 400C;
• sharp or aching pain in the lower abdomen and iliac region.

As the disease progresses, dense, painless infiltrates form. All pelvic organs are involved in this process, deformation changes occur in the uterus, appendages, intestines, rectum with hyperemia of the mucous membrane and smoothness of the vascular pattern. Large dense infiltrates can compress the intestines and disrupt the functions of the urinary tract.

At the next stage of the disease the following is observed:

• the formation of fistulas with purulent discharge, spreading to the retroperitoneal tissue, bladder, thigh and rectum. In this case, the secreted pus has no odor;
• disturbances of menstrual (acyclic bleeding, absence of menstruation) and reproductive function.

In the chronic form of the disease, adhesions and scars appear.

Uterine fibroids

Myoma (fibromyoma, leiomyoma) is a benign tumor that occurs in the muscular layer of the uterus - the myometrium. It is one of the most common female diseases, reaching a frequency of 15-25% of the total number of all gynecological diseases

Causes

At the moment, it is not known for certain about the causes of the tumor; it has just been proven that the disease manifests itself exclusively during the reproductive period of a woman’s life.

Before the first menstruation and after it ends, nodules do not form

The size of the tumor in fibroids can range from a few millimeters to 10 centimeters, which can give different clinical manifestations, but most often the disease is asymptomatic and is detected only by ultrasound examination (ultrasound) and, in some cases, by MRI.

Main symptoms

• Abdominal enlargement;
• Heavy menstruation;
• Feeling of pressure on the bladder, which leads to frequent urination;

Possible complications

• Possible problems with pregnancy;

Mycoplasmosis

In 10-20% of cases, this disease is asymptomatic until it is activated by various stress factors: abortion, hypothermia, nervous strain, etc. The incubation period ranges from 5 days to 2 months, with the first signs appearing approximately 7-14 days after infection.

Mycoplasmosis does not have clearly defined specific symptoms; they depend on the clinical form of the disease. The pathology can occur in the form of vulvovaginitis, cervicitis, endometritis, salpingitis, oophoritis, adnexitis, urethritis, cystitis, pyelonephritis.

The following clinical picture is observed:

• if the vagina and cervix are affected: yellow or gray mucous discharge, itching and burning during urination, discomfort and pain during or after sexual intercourse;
• with damage to the uterus and appendages: nagging pain in the lower abdomen and lower back, intermenstrual bleeding, menstrual irregularities;
• when the urethra is infected: frequent urination, pain and burning during it, false urge to urinate, increased body temperature up to 38.50C, cutting pain in the lower abdomen, pain in the lower back;
• with intestinal damage: pain during defecation, false urge to defecate, sometimes - an admixture of mucus in the stool;
• if the respiratory system is affected (does not apply to sexual diseases, but can become a complication of genital mycoplasmosis): sore throat, nasal congestion, inflammation of the ligaments, bronchitis, fever, weakness, sweating, long-lasting cough with sputum.

Diagnosis of diseases in gynecology: laboratory and hardware techniques

Women's gynecological diseases in many cases have similar or hidden symptoms, so every woman should undergo a preventive examination by a specialist once every six months.

A comprehensive preventive examination, in addition to a visual assessment of the genital organs, should include laboratory tests and hardware diagnostics.

Laboratory diagnostic methods

They involve collecting biological materials (smears, scrapings, blood and tissue samples) in order to identify a reliable diagnosis and the dynamics of the prescribed treatment. When a disease is detected, laboratory diagnostics are carried out several times until complete cure and further control of the disease.

• General tests (blood, urine, biochemical) - allow you to assess the condition of the body as a whole, the presence of pathogens and the immune response to them.
• Smear bacterioscopy is a microscopic examination of biomaterial from the cervical canal, urethra and vagina for the presence of pathogenic flora organisms.
• Culture - a smear allows you to identify the causative agent of the infection and the antibacterial drugs that are most effective for treating a specific infection. It is especially informative when identifying viruses and fungi.
• PCR diagnostics (polymerase chain reaction) is a molecular test to identify the causative agent of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
• A blood test for hormone levels is aimed at identifying hormonal abnormalities in women of different age categories and prescribing the correct treatment.
• Cytological examination - taking material from the cavity and cervix to detect malignant formations.
• Curettage - scraping of the biomaterial of the uterus to determine changes in the endometrium.

In order to obtain reliable information, the following are not recommended the day before the test: getting antibacterial and disinfectants into the vaginal area, douching, or having sex. Some of the tests (blood for biochemistry) must be taken on an empty stomach. Taking biological material after finishing taking antibiotics is allowed after 2 weeks.

Hardware diagnostic methods

It involves the use of special medical diagnostic equipment in examining a patient in order to identify the presence of diseases at an early stage of development.

• Ultrasound diagnostics (ultrasound) is the most common examination technique that allows us to identify pathological processes in the pelvic organs, the presence of inflammation, neoplasms, and give a general assessment of the location and structure of the uterus. Ultrasound can be performed both externally (transabdominally) using a special gel conductor, and intravaginally (transvaginally).

For infertility and uterine pathologies, additional ultrasound diagnostic methods may be prescribed:

• Dopplerography is a study of uterine blood flow and appendages.
• Hydrosonography is a more informative study of changes in the uterus using a contrast composition introduced into its cavity.
• X-ray examination (hysterosalpingography) is a procedure for taking x-rays with the introduction of a special contrast solution into the uterine cavity. It allows you to identify the presence of inflammatory processes in the pelvic organs, anatomical pathologies and adhesions.
• Diagnostic laparoscopy is an examination of the abdominal cavity using an endoscope to identify tumor formations and free fluids in it.
• Diagnostic hysteroscopy is a complete examination of the uterine cavity using a hysteroscope.
• Colposcopy is an examination of the cervix, vagina and vulva using a magnifying device - a colposcope.
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvic organs is a study that produces images of organs and tissues in different projections, based on changes in radiofrequency pulses in the electromagnetic field of the device.
• Computed tomography of the pelvis is an x-ray method for studying the organs of the reproductive system, soft tissues and blood vessels based on images of different projections.

To obtain a more accurate and reliable result of the hardware diagnostics, it is prescribed on days 5–10 of the menstrual cycle (but not later), when the endometrial layer is quite thin and easily visualized, and the egg has not yet matured. Diagnostic laparoscopy and hysteroscopy are often performed under local anesthesia.

Ureaplasmosis

In 70-80% of cases, there are no clinical manifestations of this disease, therefore, as a rule, it is detected during the diagnosis of another disease. Ureaplasmosis has no specific symptoms and during periods of exacerbation it manifests itself as an inflammatory process. The incubation period can last from several days to several months.

The symptoms of the disease are as follows:

• urethritis (inflammation of the urethra): pain and burning in the urethral area, while the pain increases sharply when urinating, inflammation of the mucous membrane of the external urethral os, frequent urination;
• mucous discharge from the vagina and urethra. They are usually quite scanty, odorless and colorless. If the inflammatory process has already started, the discharge may become greenish or yellowish and take on a sharp, unpleasant odor;
• painful and uncomfortable sensations during and after sexual intercourse;
• bloody discharge from the vagina after sexual intercourse;
• aching or nagging pain in the lower abdomen. If the disease has caused complications in the appendages and uterus - pain in the lower abdomen of a cutting nature;
• in acute form: increase in body temperature to 37-37.50C; weakness, fatigue, decreased performance;
• in the chronic form: infertility, spontaneous miscarriage, pathological course of pregnancy, treatment-resistant urethritis, vaginitis, endocervicitis, adnexitis.

If the infection occurs during oral sex, ureaplasmosis can be hidden under the “mask” of a sore throat: plaque appears on the tonsils (tonsils), painful sensations in the throat, it is difficult and painful to swallow, etc.

Control tests after treatment of sexually transmitted infections in women

Why re-take tests after finishing therapy?

Patients who have undergone treatment for STDs often refuse them. This step, as doctors note, is a mistake.

Control tests are recommended to be carried out regularly throughout treatment. This is necessary to control the therapy process.

After all, many pathogenic microorganisms are capable of developing drug resistance to the effects of various medications. To timely determine the development of resistance, control studies are performed. And, if necessary, change therapy. What else explains the need for regular testing during the treatment period?

The doctor needs to monitor whether any new pathogens have appeared in the woman’s body.

The treatment of which will require the prescription of new medications. Regular diagnostics also make sure that there are no latent infections in the body. Which could become more active due to a decrease in the body’s defenses.

Carrying out control tests at the end of the course of therapy is a kind of guarantee that the treatment was successful. If the tests are negative, the woman can safely consider herself completely healthy.

Gardnerellosis

The incubation period of the disease is 4-10 days. The first signs of infection are:

• the appearance of a “rotten fish” smell from the vagina. This specific odor is caused by the breakdown of waste products of the infection;
• slight whitish-gray or yellowish vaginal discharge.
• With the development of the disease, the clinical picture is supplemented by symptoms:
• feeling of irritation, itching and burning in the vagina;
• frequent urination;
• pain in the lower abdomen, which indicates an increase in the inflammatory process;
• increasing discomfort and pain during sexual intercourse;
• creamy discharge flowing down the walls of the vagina into the perineum.

After sexual intercourse, the symptoms become more pronounced, since sperm, having an alkaline reaction, serves as a favorable environment for the proliferation of gardnerella bacteria.

Colpitis

Colpitis is called inflammation of the vaginal mucosa. Now this pathology is one of the most common among women of childbearing age.

However, this does not mean that only this segment is susceptible to the disease - every third woman in one way or another suffers from various forms of colpitis, sometimes without even knowing it

Colpitis very rarely occurs as an independent disease; most often it is accompanied by inflammation of the external genitalia (vulvitis), which means the need for a comprehensive solution to the problem

Causes of colpitis

• Diseases of the endocrine system;
• Unbalanced or disrupted hormonal levels;
• Long-term use of antibiotics with irregular dosage;
• General weakness of the immune system, sensitive to infections that cause colpitis;
• Mechanical, chemical and even physical damage and other negative impacts;
• Infections that are sexually transmitted and affect the mucous membrane of the genital organs;
• Allergic reactions to substances entering the genitals (lubricant, rubber of condoms, etc.);
• Lack of hygiene (during intimate life or caring for the genitals). For example, wearing tight synthetic underwear can develop an environment suitable for disease, and this makes women of almost all ages vulnerable;

Main symptoms

• Specific colpitis: swelling of the vagina. When you touch the wall, you feel a velvety surface and blood is released, accompanied by severe pain;
• Trichomonas colpitis : itching, burning, redness and even swelling with a constantly present feeling of discomfort, increasing during sex and urination; In addition to the characteristic increased hyperemia of the mucous membrane, this type of colpitis is characterized by the presence of white foamy discharge;
• Nonspecific colpitis: Its symptoms appear in the mucous membranes, often with particles of pus, in vaginal discharge. There is redness and itching, discomfort is felt when touching the genital organ, sex, or urination. Often there is prolonged dull pain in the lower abdomen;

Possible complications

• Infection of the genitourinary system;
• Difficulties in conceiving and bearing a child (possible miscarriage or premature birth);

Candidiasis (thrush)

The first signs of candidiasis (thrush) appear already 4-5 days after infection or activation of the vagina’s own opportunistic microflora. The clinical picture of this disease is as follows:

• pain and discomfort during sexual intercourse: the vaginal mucosa is destroyed by Candida fungi, becoming inflamed and painful;
• burning and itching in the genital area. These symptoms are worse after urinating or washing;
• swelling and redness of the genitals;
• white coating and copious “curdled” discharge with an unpleasant sour odor. The discharge is mucus with many white dense lumps (a type of curdled mass or curdled milk);
• pain and discomfort when urinating;
• the appearance of a rash on the labia. With thrush, the formation of small burgundy pimples-vesicles with liquid contents inside - vesicles - is often observed. After 1-2 days they burst and small erosions and crusts form in their place;
• general deterioration of condition. The listed symptoms cause nervousness, attacks of bad mood, and sleep disturbances (the burning sensation intensifies at night). Their manifestation is especially intensified after a long walk and during menstruation.

Principles of preventing sexually transmitted infections in women

As practice shows, it is much easier to prevent any sexually transmitted infection than to treat it. To prevent infection with STIs, it is recommended to follow the following preventive measures:

• refuse frequent changes of sexual partners, which negatively affects the microflora of the genital organs and can contribute to the development of STDs;

• always use barrier contraception (namely, the male condom) if pregnancy is not planned and there is no confidence in the health of the sexual partner;
• follow the rules of personal hygiene developed for the intimate area;
• refrain from sharing personal hygiene products with anyone to avoid infection;
• regularly visit a gynecologist and venereologist to undergo control tests in order to promptly identify dangerous diseases and begin their treatment;
• strengthen your own immunity so that it is more resistant to negative external influences.

It is important to remember that genital infections in women are just as dangerous as in men. First of all, they affect the patient’s reproductive health.

Sometimes causing irreparable damage to him, making the woman infertile. To avoid dangerous complications, it is recommended to seek help from a doctor at the first suspicious symptoms.

Doctors will be able to adequately assess the situation and give optimal treatment recommendations. A woman’s reproductive health is only in her hands, which is important to know!

If you suspect sexually transmitted infections, contact competent gynecologists and venereologists.

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

The forms of manifestation of the papilloma virus in women are different: genital warts, flat warts, dysplasia, bowenoid papulosis, precancerous condition and cervical cancer. Usually, papillomavirus occurs latently and is detected during a routine examination. Pathological changes in the skin are usually detected 1–6 months after infection.

The incubation period and the main manifestations of symptoms depend on the type of papillomavirus, its quantity (viral load), immune activity and concomitant diseases (sexually transmitted infections).

The following are the main symptoms of HPV in women:

The clinical picture can be supplemented by general signs:

• chronic fatigue;
• periodic weight loss;
• decreased appetite;
• swelling of the lower extremities.

What will you get from preventive gynecology at the Rassvet clinic?

Rassvet has a brilliant team of gynecologists and endocrinologists. They have at their disposal the most modern laboratory and instrumental diagnostic tools for identifying and treating gynecological diseases.

We do not treat human papillomavirus because it cannot be cured (although some try...). But we carry out preventive work, recommending that parents not only vaccinate their children against HPV on time, but also not forget about their own health: undergo screenings on time and consult doctors. In the treatment of gynecological pathologies, we rely on international recommendations and the experience of European and American professional medical communities, do not prescribe unnecessary examinations and tests, and do not treat the “whole body” with different drugs in cases where watchful waiting or monotherapy is sufficient.

In Rassvet you will receive recommendations on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of gynecological diseases, selection of contraception, consultations on family planning, infertility and menopause. All examinations and treatment in our clinic are carried out strictly according to indications.

Herpes infection (cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex)

Primary herpes

Primary herpes occurs in 5 periods:

• Incubation . Lasts from 2 to 14 days, there are no symptoms;
• Prodromal . General and local manifestations increase: malaise, muscle pain, accompanied by swelling and weakness, increased body temperature to 37-37.50C, possible chills, enlarged inguinal lymph nodes. There is also itching and burning in the genital area, leucorrhoea, painful urination with pain and burning;
• Rash period . The duration of the period is from 7 to 10 days. The appearance on the vaginal mucosa of rashes in the form of bubbles with a diameter of 2-3 mm with liquid contents - vesicles. They accumulate in groups, forming a painful, itchy area. Periodically, the number of rashes increases. General symptoms are mild, local manifestations in the form of itching, burning, swelling and pain persist. They lead to nervousness, attacks of bad mood, sleep disturbances;
• Stabilization period . Lasts about 2-3 weeks. At this stage, the vesicles become cloudy, open and form weeping erosions that are prone to fusion. Sometimes ulcers up to 1 mm deep appear in their place. The affected areas are painful, purulent plaque is possible, there is no bleeding;
• Healing period . Lasts about 2-3 weeks. Local and general symptoms subside. The affected areas dry out, a thin crust forms, under which a new epithelium forms. After a while, the crust disappears, and in its place there is redness, which goes away after complete healing.

The rash is usually localized near the external opening of the urethra, at the vaginal opening, on the labia, on the cervix, in the anus or buttocks.

The total duration of primary herpes is 5-7 weeks.

Recurrent herpes

Recurrent herpes can occur in typical and atypical forms. The typical form is characterized by the same symptoms as primary herpes. Only the total duration is 7-10 days.

The atypical form can be presented in various ways:

Mammary cancer

Breast cancer is a malignant tumor. This is one of the most common forms of cancer among women around the world, which, according to various sources, affects from 1/3 to 1/9 women aged 13 to 90 years

Among the total number of cancers, breast cancer is in second place after lung cancer

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), from 8 thousand to 1 million new cases of cancer are registered annually in the world. The disease is the second leading cause of death in women.

It has long been proven that the risk of developing breast cancer after 65 years is almost 6 times higher than before this age, and 150 times higher than before 30 years of age

Causes of breast cancer

The possible causes of breast cancer include the following:

• exposure to radiation;
• tumor diseases of other organs;
• chest injuries, previous surgeries (for mastitis, for example);
• hormonal disorders caused by endocrine and infectious diseases of the genitourinary system;
• disruption of the reproductive system, onset of menstruation at an early age, late onset of menopause, lack of sexual activity during reproductive age, abortion;

The factor of heredity plays an important role. Breast cancer is much more common in older women than in younger women

In women who smoke and women who regularly drink alcohol, the risk of breast cancer increases significantly

Main symptoms of breast cancer

• Sometimes quite painful menstruation and pain in the mammary gland, as with mastopathy, can be disturbing;
• In later stages, the tumor reaches a large size and is visible to the naked eye. The shape and structure of the gland changes. The nipple may retract; ulcers appear at the site of the lesion, clear or bloody discharge from the chest, compactions are noted in the armpits or above the collarbones, which indicates damage to the lymph nodes

Possible complications

If the disease is not diagnosed in time, metastases may occur, which can occur through the lymphatic and blood vessels

Lymphogenic metastases appear in regional lymph nodes: anterior thoracic, axillary, sub- and supraclavicular, periosternal

Hematogenous metastases are found more often in the bones, lungs, liver, kidneys

With breast cancer, so-called latent or dormant metastases are often encountered, which can begin to develop 7-10 years after removal of the primary tumor

Lymphogranuloma venereum

The incubation period of the disease ranges from several days to 4 months. The development of the pathological process occurs in 3 stages.

Symptoms at stage 1:

• the appearance of bubbles at the site of infection;
• after a few days, the rash turns into purulent round ulcers with a diameter of 1-3 cm;
• pathological vaginal discharge;
• enlarged pelvic lymph nodes.

Foci of infection can appear not only on the vaginal mucosa, but also on the wall of the rectum (if infected through anal sex), and in the oral cavity (if infected through oral sex). After 2 places after infection, the signs of inflammation intensify: stage 2 of the disease begins.

The following symptoms are observed:

• enlargement of the pelvic lymph nodes with greater intensity and inflammation of the surrounding tissues, their soreness;
• the occurrence of fistulas inside an extensive tumor with purulent discharge;
• the development of adhesions, which causes a violation of the outflow of lymph, and the genitals swell;
• pain when urinating and during sexual intercourse;
• general weakness, lethargy, drowsiness;
• rapid loss of body weight;
• loss of appetite;
• pain and aches in joints and muscles (evidence of the spread of infection throughout the body);
• sometimes - the appearance of eczema, urticaria and other lesions on the skin.

When the rectum is infected, the pain spreads to the lower back, and a small lump is felt near the anus. There is a disturbance in the process of defecation: frequent constipation, pain and burning during bowel movements.

In the absence of adequate therapy, after 1.5-2 years the disease enters stage 3, characterized by a number of complications. It is characterized by the following clinical picture:

• the occurrence of genitoanorectal syndrome (inflammation of the perineum, perianal region, rectum and surrounding tissue) at the site of inflammatory and adhesive phenomena;
• nagging pain and purulent discharge from the anus;
• erosion, pain and bleeding in the lower rectum;
• the appearance of ulcers, fistulas and abscesses in the anorectal region and perineum;
• deformation of the labia up to elephantiasis, narrowing of the vaginal opening.

With the development of necrotic phenomena in the inflamed lymph nodes, a general deterioration of the condition (chills, fever, cold sweat, nausea, vomiting, fever) may be observed at the 2nd stage and continue into the 3rd stage. The lymphatic system, which has been attacked by an infection, spreads it throughout the body, causing damage to the spleen, liver, venous inflammation, eye diseases, and the development of arthritis.

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Common gynecological diseases during pregnancy and features of their treatment

In women, the risk of gynecological diseases increases significantly during pregnancy, as hormonal changes in the body occur, the functioning of the endocrine system changes and immunity decreases.

The treatment of pregnant patients requires a special approach, since many medications are contraindicated for use during pregnancy.

The most commonly diagnosed diseases in pregnant women:

• Erosion in itself is not dangerous to the fetus. But if an infection is added to the disease, then this combination can cause miscarriage in the first trimester of pregnancy. Therefore, initially an additional examination is carried out for the presence of pathogenic microorganisms, then, if necessary, conservative treatment is prescribed - creams and suppositories (Utrozhestan, Duphaston). Surgical intervention while carrying a child is not permissible. Scars after cauterization of erosion can cause complications in labor and subsequent ruptures. If a woman becomes aware of the disease at the stage of pregnancy planning, she should delay conception until the erosion is completely cured.
• Myoma - the risk of bearing a fetus in the presence of the disease directly depends on the location of the tumor nodes, the size and direction of their growth. In some cases, termination of the pregnancy may be necessary, or a miscarriage may occur. The most dangerous options are when:

1. Fibroids grow inside the uterine cavity (submucous fibroids), deforming it;
2. other gynecological diseases that complicate pregnancy have been identified;
3. multiple fibroids were discovered;
4. the tumor is large;
5. Myoma necrosis was diagnosed - the death of tumor cells due to insufficient blood supply to the tumor.

The presence of a tumor can affect the development of the fetus, cause hypoxia, and improper placement of the embryo.

In some cases, fibroids do not have a significant effect on the gestation of the fetus, in others, it is necessary to take drugs that inhibit the growth of the tumor, improve blood flow and reduce the tone of the uterus (B vitamins, antispasmodics, folic acid). A protein diet is prescribed. Normally, fibroids can grow slightly until the 3rd trimester due to hormonal changes.

But if the tumor grows significantly, surgery may be required:

• Ovarian cyst - in most cases does not pose a threat to the normal development and gestation of the fetus. In some cases, it may interfere with conception. If a cyst is detected, treatment with medications is not carried out, but the patient undergoes constant ultrasound examinations in order to detect changes and growth of the tumor. Surgical intervention (laparoscopic surgery) at any stage of pregnancy is performed only in extremely rare cases that are life-threatening:

1. Significant increase in cyst size;
2. cyst ruptures;
3. twist the legs of the cyst.