Delayed menstruation - signs, causes and symptoms, what to do with white, brown discharge

Reasons for missed periods

Failure in the hormonal system is one of the main reasons. The menstrual cycle occurs as a result of complex and interconnected processes. The slightest change in the hormonal system can result in the absence of menstruation. Normally, the cycle should be regular.

Its duration varies, depending on the individual characteristics of the body. A normal cycle lasts about 28 days. The cycle is counted from the first day of menstruation until the date of the next menstrual flow.

If your period does not start at the scheduled time and is absent for more than 5 days, then this is a delay. Experts say that this can happen in healthy women with a regular cycle, but not more than twice a year. If they recur constantly, then you should consult a doctor.

Let's figure out what factors can cause disturbances in the hormonal system

stress;
underweight or overweight;
malnutrition;
too much physical activity;
chronic diseases of internal organs, poor health, weak immunity;
inflammatory diseases and pathologies of female organs (endometritis, adnexitis, dysfunction, etc.);
congenital or acquired ovarian defects;
endocrine diseases;
emergency contraception after sexual intercourse (such methods deal devastating blows to the hormonal system);
long-term use of certain medications;
miscarriages, abortions, disturbances in the position of the intrauterine device (cause changes in hormonal status);
heredity;
sudden climate change, abuse of sunbathing and solarium;
discontinuation of hormonal contraceptives that have been taken for a long time;
menopause (after 40 years);
various gynecological procedures (colposcopy, cauterization of erosion, etc.);
bad habits and chronic intoxication (smoking, alcohol, drugs).

Swelling before menstruation - how to deal with it?

Many women have probably noticed that before the start of the menstrual cycle, their body becomes somewhat loose and swells a little. This is especially evident from the swelling in the legs. Is swelling before menstruation normal and what can it mean?

Swelling before menstruation most often manifests itself differently for everyone. Some women do not even notice slight swelling, while others, on the contrary, feel like elephants due to severe swelling of the lower extremities. Edema can occur for a variety of reasons, for example due to salt retention in the body. In this case, it is recommended to stop eating salt and foods containing starch and sugar (cakes and cookies) at least during menstruation and drink as much liquid as possible so that it dissolves and removes the existing salts. A lack of magnesium or vitamin B6 can also lead to fluid retention in the body. Edema can also occur due to diseases of the veins, joints, disorders of the kidneys or heart, an increase in insulin levels and uncontrolled use of medications. All these reasons can have a detrimental effect on your health and therefore you need to seek help from a qualified specialist.

How to get rid of swelling before menstruation?

To prevent unpleasant consequences in the form of edema before menstruation, it is necessary to consume as much vitamin B6, vitamin E, calcium, magnesium as possible, contained in large proportions in fruits and vegetables, fish, meat, and flaxseed oil.

How to prevent leg swelling before menstruation?

In the legs, swelling usually occurs in the area of the feet, sometimes in the lower legs and ankles. You should not attach much importance to them and be afraid. Because after some time they will go away on their own. However, you can alleviate your condition with various physical exercises, sports, and foot massage. You can also

Symptoms and signs

Main symptoms:

cycle lengthening;
menstruation did not start at the expected time;
Several days have passed since the expected date of the onset of menstruation, but there is no menstruation.

Gynecologists believe that a regular cycle should be established within 2 years after the arrival of the first menstruation.

Gynecologists believe that a regular cycle should be established within 2 years after the arrival of the first menstruation

But this statement is controversial, since there are healthy women who have irregular cycles throughout their lives.

But too long and frequent delays should cause concern. In this case, it is necessary to undergo examination by a specialist.

Symptoms that may accompany this phenomenon (brown discharge, etc.)

bloody, pinkish spotting from the vagina;
aching pain in the lumbar region;
pulling pain in the lower abdomen;
breast tension, pain and tenderness.

Such signs indicate that menstruation will begin any day now. We just have to wait a little. But for some women, these symptoms accompany the onset of pregnancy. Therefore, you need to take a pregnancy test to confirm your assumptions.

Why does swelling appear during menstruation and how to deal with it?

Swelling during menstruation is a fairly common phenomenon that occurs a few days before menstruation occurs. The face swells (bags appear under the eyes), the abdominal area, lower and upper limbs, and the chest swells.

The essence of the problem

Due to changes in a woman's hormonal levels during the menstrual cycle, many representatives of the fair sex increase their appetite. This is due to an increase in the amount of progesterone, the hormone responsible for pregnancy and childbearing. The body begins to make natural “reserves” for future use. Weight fluctuations within a kilogram during menstruation are considered normal; after the completion of the cycle, the weight returns to normal. The same hormone (or rather, its excess) causes a reaction in the mucous membranes of the body, especially the uterus: they try to accumulate moisture, thereby retaining water and causing a woman to feel “swollen.” Why is this happening?

The female body, unfortunately, is not able to retain water only in the villi of the mucous membranes, so excess moisture quickly spreads through the fatty tissue. Progesterone also causes urine retention in the body, which makes swelling even more pronounced. First of all, swelling appears in places that have hormone-sensitive receptors:

Some women experience swelling in their legs before their period. This phenomenon is still temporary: after the start of menstruation, swelling subsides within a few days, because literally a few hours after the start of menstrual bleeding, the level of progesterone drops sharply and returns to normal. True, a sharp decrease in swelling causes pain, since the receptors of the autonomic nervous system react too sharply to such hormonal changes.

During the menstrual period, the level of another hormone in a woman’s body increases sharply - estrogen.

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First missed period

The very first menstruation occurs in teenage girls aged 13 to 16 years. Some girls develop them at an earlier age. The first menstruation is irregular. The correct cycle is established only a few months after the appearance of the first menstruation.

The very first periods come at significant intervals. Their duration varies. In such cases, we are not talking about delays. Irregular periods in teenagers are normal.

Some girls experience a long break after their first menstruation. Your period may start a second time within a few months. In the first year after the start of menstruation, doctors do not talk about this phenomenon.

They are physiological, since the hormonal system is just being formed during this period. Everything will work out later, when the hormonal system reaches a stable state.

If, 2 years after the appearance of the first menstruation, the cycle has not established itself, then you need to contact a gynecologist.

What does white discharge mean?

White curdled discharge is a fairly common symptom in the absence of menstruation for a long time. They may be accompanied by mild itching in the genital area. Discharge may indicate candidiasis (thrush). Sometimes they accompany disorders in the genital organs.

If you notice white discharge, be sure to visit a gynecologist. In case of pregnancy, thrush can cause damage to the fetus.

Only a doctor can make an accurate diagnosis. Thrush is not as safe as it may seem. Sometimes it is practically asymptomatic, becoming chronic.

Discharge may indicate candidiasis (thrush)

Leucorrhoea sometimes occurs during pregnancy in healthy women. They have a dense consistency and are considered normal. The body in this way protects the genitals from the penetration of pathogenic microorganisms.

In some cases, white discharge indicates hormonal imbalances. Then the doctor conducts an examination and prescribes the optimal treatment regimen. Proper hormone therapy allows you to restore normal functions of the hormonal system. The discharge disappears, and the menstrual cycle improves.

Another reason for white discharge is inflammatory diseases of the female genital organs. If a woman exhibits a complex of symptoms - discharge, retention and abdominal pain, then she needs to be examined by a gynecologist.

The doctor will definitely take a smear to examine the microflora. If problems with the female organs are suspected, an ultrasound scan is prescribed.

A dangerous sign is the absence of menstruation and brown discharge. If there is pregnancy, then this is a sign of problems (ectopic pregnancy, placental abruption). Therefore, with such a symptom, you should urgently run to the gynecologist.

If you notice signs, do not postpone the examination. By taking timely measures, you can prevent and eliminate disturbances in the reproductive system.

How many days can it last

The menstrual cycle should normally be regular, but even in healthy girls it is not always accurate. Changes in the cycle can be caused by many factors. Therefore, minor deviations from the start date of your period should not bother you.

Thus, doctors consider it normal if a woman’s menstruation begins a little late a couple of times a year (no more than 7 days).

What to do if the test is negative

If you have not had your period for a long time, and the test showed a negative result, then it should be repeated in a week. In addition, you should purchase tests from different manufacturers. This will make it possible to accurately verify that there is no pregnancy.

If the test is performed very early, it cannot yet determine the presence of pregnancy. The correct result can be seen 4-5 weeks after conception. It is very rare to come across low-quality tests. This is why it is so important to purchase a second test from a different manufacturer.

If the repeat test is negative, then there is no pregnancy. In this case, the delay is caused by other reasons discussed above.

If the repeat test is negative, then there is no pregnancy.

Most often, disruptions in the menstrual cycle occur due to diseases of the endocrine system or pathologies of the reproductive organs.

If any changes occur in the adrenal glands, thyroid gland or hypothalamic-pituitary sphere, they can lead to ovarian dysfunction.

This leads to cycle disruptions and delays. Often the absence of menstruation occurs due to inflammatory processes in the ovaries.

In this case, the test shows a negative result, but menstrual bleeding does not begin. Very often, pathology is observed in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Such patients have irregular menstrual cycles and suffer from infertility.

Transformations before menstruation: normal or abnormal

From adolescence until the late stages of middle age, a woman is forced to endure the physiological fluctuations in the monthly cycle associated with menstruation. Hormonal changes during menstruation affect mood, provoke nutrition problems, and other difficulties. How should we treat this – as a pathology or a norm?

What does weight gain before menstruation mean?

Experts believe that weight gain before your period is based on fluid, not fat. Fluid accumulates before menstruation due to changes in the levels of the hormones progesterone and estrogen. You may notice that in the few days before your period, before your period starts, you don't have to go to the toilet as often as usual. Part of this weight gain before menstruation can cause constipation - this is a common problem. This is due to the fact that hormones manage to relax the muscles of the colon and cleansing is not as effective. A woman may also have a swollen belly due to excess gases in the intestines, and hormones are also to blame for this.

When the menstrual cycle ends, fluid is excreted in the urine, gas and constipation disappear. Everything returns to normal, including weight. These fluctuations are minor. But if you eat more than your body needs, you may gain weight over time.

Why do you especially crave sweets and chocolate before your period?

The reason that many women crave sweets before the start of their cycle is a deficiency of the hormone estrogen in the blood. Estrogen is a female stimulating hormone that promotes the formation of norepinephrine, serotonin, and endorphins (natural pain relievers and good mood stimulants). The maximum amount of estrogen in the body occurs during ovulation (in the middle of the cycle). So at this time

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Chest pain

Sometimes the disease is accompanied by chest pain. These symptoms may be accompanied by nagging pain in the lower abdomen. There could be many reasons for this. Pregnancy may have such signs. Therefore, you must first exclude its possibility.

If the test shows a negative result, then chest pain, which is accompanied by a delay in menstruation, may indicate a number of diseases. It is necessary to undergo examination by a specialist. A common cause of chest pain is mastopathy. This disease is characterized by changes in breast tissue.

A common cause of chest pain is mastopathy.

The changes are benign. If you find a lump in your breast, you should immediately consult a doctor. If you start a pathological process, you will have to have surgery later.

Chest pain and congestion may occur after following a strict diet for a long time. In this option, it is enough to establish the correct diet to get rid of problems.

If you exercise too much, you may also experience these symptoms. Then you need to determine what is most important for you: sports or maintaining fertility.

Prevention of edema

For women interested in how to deal with swelling before menstruation, the best option would be their ongoing prevention. Effective ways to eliminate the problem are to maintain a balanced healthy diet and drinking regime. Basic Rules:

Drink as much clean water as possible per day - from 8 to 12 glasses. You are also allowed to drink green tea, ginger tea with lemon, but without sugar. It is recommended to avoid sweet drinks and coffee.
Do not drink a lot at night if you have kidney problems - the excretory system may not be able to cope with a large amount of liquid. Women with such problems should be careful when consuming dairy products.
Maintain proper nutrition. You should avoid eating foods that cause swelling: pickled, salty, smoked, sweet.
Include foods that have diuretic properties in your diet: watermelon, citrus fruits, beets, herbs, cucumbers, pumpkin seeds, any fish, lean meat.
Control your psycho-emotional state and try to avoid stressful situations.
Playing sports will help speed up your metabolism and lose excess fluid both naturally and through the skin. Please note that not all sports activities during menstruation will be equally beneficial.
Try to keep your weight under control and avoid excess weight.
Avoid alcohol as much as possible; it dehydrates the body and causes fluid retention in the tissues.
Maintain a healthy sleep schedule and avoid overtiredness.

If swelling is not a manifestation of serious pathologies, it is recommended to alleviate your condition with the help of folk remedies. When the causes are diseases, the problem must be eliminated with the help of a qualified specialist.

What to do

If a delay is observed in a woman who is sexually active, the following measures should be taken:

buy and take a home pregnancy test (if the result is negative, take a repeat test in a week);
calculate which factors could influence changes in the menstrual cycle;
Contact a gynecologist in case of repeated and prolonged delays.

If a woman is not sexually active:

take into account factors that could influence changes in hormonal status;
If menstruation is absent for more than a month, and there are no obvious reasons for this, then you should consult a doctor.

If a delay is observed in a woman after 40 years, this may be a sign of the onset of menopause. In this case, you also need to visit a gynecologist. If there is no blood after an abortion or if there are signs of gynecological diseases (abdominal pain), you should consult a doctor and undergo an examination.

Is treatment required?

If your menstrual cycle is irregular, this does not always indicate the need for treatment. Some women strive to return menstruation by any means necessary to avoid unwanted pregnancy.

This is the wrong approach. If the pathology arose as a result of conception, then it is too late to prevent pregnancy. Indiscriminate use of various drugs leads to complications.

If there is no pregnancy, then you should look for the root cause of this condition. By eliminating the cause, you can restore your normal menstrual cycle.

Sometimes it is enough to adjust the nutrition system and reduce physical activity for the delay to stop

If it is caused by any disease of the female genital area, then the doctor draws up a treatment regimen for this pathology. The delay itself cannot be eliminated. It goes away after proper treatment of the underlying disease.

Thus, there are no drugs that would eliminate the absence of menstruation. There are medications that can induce menstruation, but they are used only under medical supervision. Such drugs are taken with the goal of inducing spontaneous abortion. You cannot take this type of medication on your own, as it can cause serious complications.

Minor and rare cycle inconsistencies do not cause concern. They usually go away on their own and do not require any measures.

List of period pills

A delay in menstruation is a reason for every woman’s nerves. The first question they ask themselves is: am I pregnant? And if not, then what disorders in the body provoked this very delay. There are plenty of reasons for this problem. But everyone wants to resolve this issue without delving into it. So that everything happens quickly and without consequences. It is not right. The delay is easily solved with tablet drugs. But first, you need to understand the source of the problem.

Delayed menstruation and reasons for it

Each woman has an individual menstrual cycle. It lasts 21-35 days. And the delay should be calculated according to the duration of your cycle, and not the book data or the girlfriend’s cycle. Menstruation is considered delayed if menstruation does not occur more than 10 days after it was due.

For each cause there is a treatment and solution to the problem. This function is possessed by pills that induce menstruation when there is an exciting delay. The main drugs for the treatment of delay are progesterone-containing agents or its derivatives.

Drugs to induce menstruation

This drug is taken twice a day, 1 tablet for 5 days. These days should fall on days 11-25 of the cycle. It is suitable for inducing menstruation if there is a lack of progesterone in the body. The main active ingredient of the drug is a progesterone derivative - dydrogesterone. On the 3rd day after finishing taking the pills, your period should begin.

If the problem is ovulation, then the drug will have to be taken for more than 2 months. The dosage and timing of administration should be adjusted by the treating gynecologist. You should not prescribe treatment for yourself. This time is enough to normalize the functioning of the ovaries, since during this time they are restored.

Menstruation after Duphaston is usually scantier than usual and has a darker shade. This is due to insufficient development

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Pain in the lower abdomen

Lower abdominal pain during menstruation is a common occurrence for many women. But if the pain is accompanied by a lack of blood, then this is a cause for concern. Sometimes mild nagging pain and delay are the first signs of pregnancy. If chest pain is added to them, then many women are almost 100% aware that they are in an interesting position.

In this case, all that remains is to do a test to confirm your guess. But if you did 2 tests that showed negative results, then you should look further for the cause of the abdominal pain. The absence of menstruation can be caused by numerous factors.

Most often, cycle disorders, which are accompanied by aching pain, are observed in those who suffer from polycystic ovary syndrome.

Inflammatory diseases of the female genital area are the most likely causes of abdominal pain. If the delay continues for more than a week and the pain does not go away, then you should consult a gynecologist. If you want to preserve reproductive function, then such symptoms must be treated very carefully.

If you start the inflammatory process in the female organs, this will lead to infertility. Frequently missed periods are a bad sign and indicate hormonal problems. If in this condition there is also abdominal pain, then the woman should urgently visit a doctor.

You should not delay the examination, as serious hormonal imbalances result in infertility and miscarriage in the future.

Severe abdominal pain and lack of menstruation are a very dangerous sign. This happens with an ectopic pregnancy. If you do a test, it will show a positive result. But pregnancy develops in the wrong place where it should. Therefore, severe pain occurs.

Sometimes nagging pain in the lower abdomen indicates premenstrual syndrome. It is also manifested by increased irritability, tearfulness, aggressiveness, nervousness, increased appetite, drowsiness, fatigue, and swelling.

If you have a combination of such signs, then wait for your period to arrive. To get rid of pain in the lower abdomen before menstruation, you need to lead a healthy lifestyle and eliminate all chronic diseases. Only your gynecologist can give specific recommendations on this issue.

Attention, the most important reasons for the appearance of gardnerellosis, what you need to know first of all in order to avoid this trouble or respond in time for successful treatment. What symptoms of painful periods should alert you to avoid complications read here What is acute endometritis, how does it differ from others classes and what causes this disease, read the article https://womensmed.ru/bolezni/endometrit/simptomy-i-lechenie-xronicheskogo-i-poslerodovogo-endometrita.html

Edema and how to deal with it?

Every time, when you come home in the evening, you simply collapse from fatigue, your legs become like the legs of an “elephant”, and in the morning you are bothered by bags under your eyes, swelling of your face and in general - you feel like a balloon and every day you become more and more inflated more. The presence of edema is indicated by such signs as traces of clothing elastic bands on the skin. In addition, if you press your finger on the front surface of the leg for 30 seconds in the place where the bone is as close as possible to the surface of the skin, then even with slight swelling there will be a dimple that does not go away for quite a long time. How to help you and what to do is the topic of our conversation today.

In fact, swelling does not occur out of nowhere, but is a signal that something is wrong with your body. The causes of impaired outflow and fluid retention in tissues are different, and therefore hydrostatic edema is distinguished, in which the main role is played by an increase in pressure in the capillary; hypoproteinemic, the main reason for the formation of which is a decrease in the content of proteins in the blood plasma, especially albumin, and a decrease in the colloid-osmotic (oncotic) pressure of the blood plasma with the release of fluid from the bloodstream into the tissues; membrane-genic, the formation of which is caused by an increase in capillary permeability due to their toxic damage, inflammation, and disturbances in nervous regulation. It is also customary to distinguish between general and local edema. General edema develops in diseases of the heart, kidneys, liver, and gastrointestinal tract; local swelling - for diseases of the veins, lymphatic vessels, and allergic inflammation. Local edema is associated with a specific organ or area of the vascular bed and is easily distinguishable from general (generalized) edema.

Delayed pregnancy

Any woman who is sexually active and does not menstruate on time immediately thinks about pregnancy. Conception leads to changes in hormonal levels. An embryo appears in the uterus, and the body creates optimal conditions for gestation. Normally, you should not have periods during pregnancy. But there are cases when after conception they do not stop. In this case, you should urgently see a gynecologist.

Immediately after childbirth, the menstrual cycle is unstable. They recover a couple of months after the baby is born. If the mother does not breastfeed the baby, the menstrual cycle returns faster. For breastfeeding women, these periods are individual. Therefore, during this period of life it is very difficult to predict the onset of ovulation.

If you become pregnant, you will notice a delay at least 2 weeks after conception. The development of pregnancy at this stage cannot be stopped using emergency contraception. Folk and home remedies can only do harm. In this option, there is only one procedure that is relatively safe for women - abortion.

You should not try to terminate a pregnancy on your own. This leads to dangerous consequences. Sometimes there are deaths. If you are determined to have an abortion, then you should not delay it. The easiest procedure to tolerate is one done in the early stages of pregnancy.

Causes of swelling before menstruation

Hormonal levels play a huge role in a woman’s life. Her mood and some changes in the body depend on the presence of certain active substances. Most of the fair sex experience some discomfort before the onset of menstruation. They often feel unwell and feel heaviness in the lower abdomen. Swelling before menstruation, which is localized in the distal parts of the legs, in the face, mammary glands and abdomen, is also a common occurrence.

Causes of edema

All negative manifestations in a woman during this period are called premenstrual syndrome. It has several varieties, depending on the symptoms, but most often there is an edematous form, which can also be accompanied by cephalgic, neuropsychic and others. There is no exact theory about why swelling and other symptoms of PMS appear during the end of the cycle.

The main cause of swelling in tissues is the high concentration of estrogen in the blood. These substances promote sodium retention and fluid accumulation.

Low progesterone levels. This hormone has a diuretic effect and removes sodium. Its deficiency further aggravates the effect of estrogen.

Presence of prolactin. It, like estrogens, can retain sodium and fluid in the body. This becomes possible both by increasing its quantity and by increasing the sensitivity of the tissue to its effects.

There are other mechanisms for the appearance of leg swelling during menstruation. Thus, during stress, the production of ACTH in the pituitary gland may increase. It leads to increased fluid return as it is filtered by the kidneys. In some cases, a lack of vitamins and microelements plays a role.

There are also predisposing factors. Most often, fluid begins to accumulate before the start of menstruation.

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Medicines that can help you get your period

Duphaston

The drug duphaston is widely used in gynecological practice. It is an analogue of the female sex hormone progesterone. It is this hormone that is responsible for the second phase of the menstrual cycle. The drug acts on the principle of progesterone.

It makes the endometrium thicker, which increases the likelihood of bleeding. Sometimes the endometrium grows too quickly under the influence of duphaston. In this case, a woman may bleed between periods.

Duphaston is prescribed for ovarian dysfunction, painful periods, and also to relieve premenstrual syndrome. Pregnant women take the drug if they have a lack of progesterone. This helps prevent miscarriages.

Duphaston is an irreplaceable medicine in many cases. It is used for replacement therapy, as well as in the treatment of infertility. In the complete absence of menstruation, duphaston is taken together with estrogens. It is also prescribed during menopause.

Duphaston

Duphaston is considered a safe drug. It very rarely causes side effects. If they occur, it is only due to an incorrect dosage regimen. Therefore, this drug can only be prescribed by a gynecologist.

The dose of this medicine is always selected individually. The doctor takes into account the state of the patient’s hormonal system. Usually the daily dose of duphaston is divided into parts, taking them evenly throughout the day.

If a woman does not have menstruation, the drug is prescribed along with estrogens. This combination treatment is carried out for 3 months.

Pulsatilla

If the menstrual cycle fails, the doctor may prescribe the hormonal drug Pulsatilla. It is considered very effective and is often used in the treatment of such disorders. The medicine is considered homeopathic. At its core, Pulsatilla is a sleep-grass or lumbago. It has been used in homeopathy for about 200 years.

If the menstrual cycle fails, the doctor may prescribe this hormonal drug

The drug helps to establish a normal menstrual cycle. It is taken in the form of granules. The optimal dose is 6–7 granules per dose. But here a lot depends on the characteristics of the patient and the severity of the disease. Therefore, only a doctor should select the right dose.

The granules should be placed under the tongue. Pulsatilla can bring positive results after the first use. It has no side effects and does not disturb the general condition of the female body. This medicine is prescribed by a specialist after examination.

The concept of premenstrual swelling and its causes

In many cases, the reason for visiting a gynecologist is a woman’s desire to find out what causes swelling before menstruation, whether this phenomenon is normal or represents some kind of pathology, as well as ways to get rid of it.

The main causes of swelling before menstruation

The swelling of girls before menstrual periods is explained by hormonal imbalance. The hormone estrogen promotes salt retention in the body and water is excreted much more slowly, which provokes the formation of edema in the extremities of the chest, neck and other parts of the body. Before menstrual bleeding, the hormone progesterone makes itself felt, which interacts with the antidiuretic hormone, which has the property of retaining urine. In this case, urination occurs less frequently than usual, which causes swelling.

Water in the body before critical days may be retained, leading to swelling, due to a lack of magnesium, which is necessary to control the water balance in the body. There are also more serious reasons for the formation of edema before menstruation, which are not related to the hormonal background of a woman. In this case, it could be diseases of the veins, lymphatic vessels, joints, kidneys and heart. Therefore, self-medication is very dangerous for health and it is necessary to visit a gynecologist, who can accurately say whether such swelling is hormonal in nature and does not pose a threat, or whether the reason lies deeper.

Often the fair sex complains that they gain a little weight during menstrual periods. It is believed that such weight gain is associated not with fat deposits, but with overweight.